Geopolitical Games and Great Power Rivalry in Post-Soviet Central Asia

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyze the evolution of foreign policy and strategic interests of Russia, China and the United States in Central Asia since 1991 and assess its impact on the countries of the region. The research methodology is based on a systems approach and comparative analysis, including the study of historical events, official documents, international agreements and economic indicators, in order to identify the main trends, instruments and motives of the policies of the major powers in the political sphere, military security, economics and diplomacy. The results of the study show that the Central Asian states adhere to a multilateral diplomatic strategy aimed at maximizing sovereignty and national interests in the context of great power competition. Russia seeks to maintain its traditional dominance through the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and institutional cooperation. China is leveraging the Belt and Road Initiative and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to expand its economic reach and strengthen its security role, placing special emphasis on energy stability and transportation routes. The United States focuses on countering terrorism and spreading democratic values, seeking geopolitical diversity in the region through the Greater Central Asia Strategy, the New Silk Road, and the C5+1 mechanism.