This article provides a comprehensive analysis of contemporary security challenges and the dynamics of rivalry among global and regional powers in Central Asia in the 21st century. The study aims to identify and compare the strategic interests, instruments of influence, and areas of competition of key players: the USA, China, Russia, the EU, Turkey, Iran, India, Pakistan, and the Gulf States. Scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of multi-level competition and the substantiation of the “competitive coexistence” model, where rivalry is combined with forced cooperation on critical security issues. Methodology is based on systemic and geopolitical approaches, comparative political analysis, event analysis, and content analysis of foreign policy strategies. Sources include academic publications, reports from international organizations, and current statistical data. Results reveal that the modern “new great game” is characterized by multipolarity and a shift in focus to geo-economic competition in energy, transport, and infrastructure. Key points of intersection remain regional security (the threat of radicalism spreading from Afghanistan) and the development of Central Asia’s transit potential. It is conclude that despite increasing competition, all involved parties maintain a common interest in regional stability, which creates potential for selective cooperation.
